概述
Testicular cancer originates in the testicles, the male reproductive glands that produce sperm and testosterone. It is the most common cancer in young men (ages 15–35) and is highly curable.
Main types:
- Seminoma – slow-growing, radiosensitive
- Non-seminoma – includes embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, teratoma; tends to grow faster
症状
- Painless lump or swelling in one testicle
- Heaviness in the scrotum
- Dull ache in groin or lower abdomen
- Breast tenderness or growth (from hormone-secreting tumors)
- Back pain (if cancer has spread)
病因与风险因素
- Cryptorchidism (undescended testicle)
- Family or personal history of testicular cancer
- HIV infection
- Caucasian race
- Klinefelter syndrome (for certain types)
诊断方法
- Physical exam and testicular ultrasound
- Blood tests for tumor markers: AFP, β-hCG, LDH
- CT scan of chest, abdomen, and pelvis (staging)
- Orchiectomy (surgical removal of the testicle)
治疗方案
- Surgery (radical inguinal orchiectomy)
- Surveillance (low-risk cases)
- Radiation therapy (mainly for seminomas)
- Chemotherapy (cisplatin-based regimens)
- Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in select cases
预后情况
- Excellent cure rate, even in metastatic cases
- 5-year survival rate:
- Localized: >95%
- Regional/advanced: 73–96% depending on stage and type
与此类癌症共处
- Fertility preservation (sperm banking before treatment)
- Psychological support for body image and masculinity
- Hormone replacement therapy if both testicles are removed
- Long-term follow-up and imaging
预防与筛查
- No standard screening for asymptomatic men
- Testicular self-exams recommended for high-risk individuals
FAQs
Q: Can testicular cancer spread?
A: Yes, but even metastatic cases are usually curable.
Q: Does it affect fertility?
A: Possibly. Many preserve fertility with sperm banking before treatment.
Q: Will I need hormone therapy?
A: Only if both testicles are removed or hormone levels drop.
相关资源
- Testicular Cancer Awareness Foundation
- American Urological Association
- Livestrong Foundation
- ClinicalTrials.gov
