概述
Leukemia is a group of blood cancers that originate in the bone marrow and involve the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. It is classified by speed of progression (acute vs chronic) and cell type (lymphoid vs myeloid):
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Rapid progression, common in children
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Rapid progression, more common in adults
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Slow-growing, affects older adults
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): Slow-progressing, characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome
症状
- Fatigue and weakness
- Frequent infections
- Easy bruising or bleeding
- Fever or night sweats
- Swollen lymph nodes, liver, or spleen
- Bone or joint pain
- Pale skin
病因与风险因素
- Genetic disorders (e.g., Down syndrome)
- Previous chemotherapy or radiation
- Exposure to benzene or certain chemicals
- Family history of leukemia
- Smoking (especially linked to AML)
诊断方法
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Bone marrow biopsy
- Flow cytometry and cytogenetic testing
- PCR for genetic abnormalities (e.g., BCR-ABL in CML)
- Lumbar puncture (ALL, to assess CNS involvement)
治疗方案
- Chemotherapy (mainstay for ALL and AML)
- Targeted therapy (e.g., tyrosine kinase inhibitors for CML)
- Immunotherapy (CAR-T cell therapy for relapsed ALL/CLL)
- Bone marrow or stem cell transplant
- Watchful waiting (early-stage CLL in selected patients)
预后情况
- Varies by subtype, genetic profile, and patient age:
- ALL: >90% cure rate in children
- AML: 25–50% long-term survival in adults
- CLL: often indolent; median survival varies
- CML: excellent prognosis with TKI therapy
与此类癌症共处
- Long-term follow-up and blood monitoring
- Infection prevention and vaccinations
- Nutritional and psychosocial support
- Management of fatigue and treatment side effects
预防与筛查
- No standard screening
- Avoid known carcinogens (e.g., benzene)
- Genetic counseling for families with inherited predisposition
FAQs
Q: Can leukemia be cured?
A: Some types, like childhood ALL and CML, have high cure or long-term control rates.
Q: Is leukemia hereditary?
A: Most cases are not, though some syndromes increase risk.
Q: How long does treatment last?
A: Acute leukemias may require intensive treatment for months; chronic leukemias are often managed long term.
相关资源
- Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS)
- Childhood Leukemia Foundation
