概述
Breast cancer originates in the breast tissue, most commonly in the ducts or lobules. It is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide and can also affect men. Subtypes include:
- Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) – most common type
- Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC)
- Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) – non-invasive
- Inflammatory breast cancer – aggressive and rare
- Triple-negative breast cancer
- HER2-positive breast cancer
症状
- Breast lump or thickening
- Change in breast size or shape
- Skin dimpling or redness
- Nipple inversion or discharge
- Swelling or pain in the breast or armpit
病因与风险因素
- Age (risk increases with age)
- Family history (BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations)
- Early menstruation or late menopause
- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
- Alcohol consumption, obesity, sedentary lifestyle
- Radiation exposure
诊断方法
- Clinical breast exam and mammogram
- Breast ultrasound or MRI
- Biopsy (core needle, fine needle, or surgical)
- Hormone receptor and HER2 testing (ER/PR/HER2)
治疗方案
- Surgery: lumpectomy, mastectomy, sentinel node biopsy
- Radiation therapy
- Chemotherapy
- Hormonal therapy (tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors)
- Targeted therapy (e.g., trastuzumab for HER2+)
- Immunotherapy (e.g., for triple-negative breast cancer)
预后情况
- Depends on stage, receptor status, and tumor grade
- Early-stage cancers have excellent survival
- 5-year survival rate:
- Localized: ~99%
- Regional: ~86%
- Metastatic: ~30%
与此类癌症共处
- Managing side effects of treatment
- Breast reconstruction or prosthesis
- Emotional and psychological support
- Long-term follow-up and survivorship care
预防与筛查
- Regular mammograms (starting age depends on guidelines)
- Breast self-exams and clinical exams
- Lifestyle modifications
- Genetic counseling and testing for high-risk individuals
FAQs
Q: Can men get breast cancer?
A: Yes, though it is rare.
Q: Can breast cancer be cured?
A: Many cases are curable, especially when detected early.
Q: What is triple-negative breast cancer?
A: It lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors and is treated with chemo or immunotherapy.
相关资源
- Breast Cancer Foundation
- National Breast Cancer Coalition
- ClinicalTrials.gov
