Overview
Anal cancer originates in the anus, the opening at the end of the digestive tract. It is relatively rare but increasing in incidence, especially in individuals with HPV infection. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma.
Symptoms
- Rectal bleeding
- Anal pain or pressure
- Lump or mass near the anus
- Itching or discharge from the anus
- Changes in bowel habits (e.g. narrowing of stool)
- Swollen lymph nodes in the groin
Causes & Risk Factors
- HPV infection (especially HPV types 16 and 18)
- Receptive anal intercourse
- Smoking
- Weakened immune system (e.g., HIV)
- History of cervical, vaginal, or vulvar cancer
- Age >50
Diagnosis
- Digital rectal exam (DRE)
- Anoscopy or proctoscopy with biopsy
- Imaging: MRI, CT scan, PET-CT
- HPV and HIV testing
Treatment Options
- Chemoradiation therapy (standard of care for most)
- Surgery (reserved for small tumors or treatment failure)
- Chemotherapy (in advanced or metastatic disease)
- Immunotherapy (in select recurrent/metastatic cases)
Prognosis
- Highly treatable, especially in early stages
- 5-year survival rate:
- Localized: ~82%
- Regional: ~67%
- Distant: ~35%
Living with this Cancer Type
- Managing radiation side effects (skin irritation, bowel issues)
- Pain relief and anti-inflammatory treatments
- Regular follow-ups with anoscopy and imaging
- Emotional and sexual health support
Prevention & Screening
- HPV vaccination
- Safe sex practices
- Routine screening for high-risk groups (e.g., HIV-positive individuals)
FAQs
Q: Is anal cancer the same as rectal cancer?
A: No. They involve different parts of the digestive tract and have distinct treatment approaches.
Q: Can anal cancer be cured?
A: Yes. Many cases are cured with combined chemoradiation.
Q: Who should be screened?
A: High-risk individuals such as those with HIV or history of HPV-related diseases.
Resources
- Anal Cancer Foundation
- American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons
- ClinicalTrials.gov
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