Head, Neck, and Respiratory System

Thyroid Cancer (Papillary, Follicular, Medullary, Anaplastic)

Thyroid cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the thyroid gland, located at the base of the neck. It is often diagnosed early and is highly treatable in most forms. There are four main types:
• Papillary thyroid carcinoma: most common and least aggressive
• Follicular thyroid carcinoma: similar prognosis to papillary
• Medullary thyroid carcinoma: originates in C cells, can be hereditary
• Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: rare and highly aggressive

Sinonasal Cancer

Sinonasal cancer refers to malignancies arising in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, including the maxillary, ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid sinuses. These tumors are rare but often aggressive due to late diagnosis and proximity to the skull base and orbit.

Salivary Gland Cancer

Salivary gland cancer refers to malignant tumors that develop in the salivary glands, which produce saliva to aid digestion and oral hygiene. The major salivary glands include the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, while minor glands are scattered throughout the mouth and throat.

There are many subtypes of salivary gland cancer, including:

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (most common)
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Acinic cell carcinoma
Salivary duct carcinoma

Oropharyngeal Cancer (Tongue, Tonsils, Soft Palate)

Oropharyngeal cancer develops in the oropharynx, the middle part of the throat behind the mouth, including the back of the tongue, tonsils, soft palate, and pharyngeal walls. It is most commonly a squamous cell carcinoma and is increasingly linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially in younger non-smokers.

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor that originates in the nasopharynx, the upper part of the throat behind the nose. It is relatively rare globally but has high prevalence in Southeast Asia, Southern China, and North Africa.

NPC is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and it behaves differently from other head and neck cancers.

Lung Cancer (Non-Small Cell, Small Cell)

Lung cancer originates in the lungs and is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide. It is divided into two main types:

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): ~85% of cases; includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): ~15% of cases; more aggressive and fast-spreading.

Laryngeal Cancer

Laryngeal cancer is a malignancy that arises in the larynx (voice box), located in the throat. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma, affecting the cells lining the larynx. It is strongly associated with smoking and heavy alcohol use.
The larynx is divided into three parts:
• Supraglottis (above the vocal cords)
• Glottis (the vocal cords)
• Subglottis (below the vocal cords)

Cancer Types A-Z

Thyroid Cancer (Papillary, Follicular, Medullary, Anaplastic)

Sinonasal Cancer

Salivary Gland Cancer

Oropharyngeal Cancer (Tongue, Tonsils, Soft Palate)

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Lung Cancer (Non-Small Cell, Small Cell)

Laryngeal Cancer

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